John Sanderson Christison
A criminology expert who followed the now-discredited theories that physical features like the shape of ears determine whether people have criminal tendencies. According to some reports, Christison worked for the Luetgert defense, though his exact role is unclear. He also covered the early stages of the first Luetgert trial for the New York Herald. He had written a book in 1897 called "Crime and Criminals," largely based on a series of article he wrote for the Chicago Tribune called "Jail Types." The book's second edition, published in 1899, included appendices on the Luetgert and Christopher Merry cases.
Read about Christison's
theories on crime.
Read
Christison's analysis of the Merry case.
Born: March 13, 1856, Berchin,
Forfarshire, Scotland.
Parents: The Rev. Robert and Martha (Sanderson) Christison.
Moved: Came to U.S. with parents in 1875.
Education: Schools in Glasgow, Wigan, Upholland, Edinburgh and
London; doctor of medicine, University of City of New York, 1877.
Never married.
Work history: Assistant physician at New York City Lunatic Asylum,
acting surgeon to Workhouse (prison) Blackwell’s Island; acting physician
at Bellevue Hospital, outdoor department; later assistant physician at
Wisconsin State Hospital for Insane; then in private practice.
Organizations: Secretary of the Criminological Society of Chicago.
Books: Crime and Criminals (1898, 1901), Brain in
Relation to Mind (1899), Farmer Kilroy on "Ivilooshin" (1903,
under the pseudonym Kilroy Banks), The Tragedy
of Chicago – a study in hypnotism, how an innocent young man was
hypnotised to the gallows, denouncements by savants (1906, an account
of the Richard G. Ivens murder case), Normal Mind, The Evidence of Insanity,
and Drink and Disease.
Address in 1897: 215 Dearborn Avenue.
Address in 1908: 24 Walton Place.
Died: May 8, 1908.
On September 1, 1897, the Chicago
Inter Ocean reported: All the attorneys and experts connected with the
defense have settled down to the same degree of earnestness and concern as
the man they are fighting for. There is a possible excpetion to this,
perhaps, in the case of a Dr. Christison, who is connected with teh
defense as an expert of some kind. He was rebuked by Judge Tuthill and
ordered to change his seat from near proximity to the jury. Since the trial began Christison has been seated within the railing
directly below the jury-box. This has also brought him close up behind the
attorneys for the state, and the police officers who have charge of the
case. He was taken up sharply by Judge Tuthill when he attempted to argue
the matter of changing his seat during the noon recess yesterday.
Christison poses as an expert on psychological, facial, and character
phenomena. He is very demonstrative in his manner and does the applauding
for the defense whenever they score a point. His presence near the jury
was objected to...
In an August 23, 1897, dispatch for the New York Herald (which
was reprinted in the next day's Chicago Times-Herald), Christison
offered his impressions of the Luetgert case. Among other things, he
wrote: He is reputed as blunt and sometimes harsh in
manner. So far his demeanor since arrest has simply been that of an
uncultured man of energetic parts, feeling outraged at his imprisonment
and the charge against him. So far as I can learn he has at no time shown any sign of fear or
remorse, nor has he exhibited any noteworthy inconsistencies in word or
deed. He is as frash and vigorous to-day as one the day of his
incarceration, and just as sanguine of a complete vindication. The thought of a great crime is not born suddenly except in a
delusional state of mind fixed against reason — insanity — or else by
provoked passion. Less than an hour before he is supposed to have killed
his wife he was seen quietly talking to her. Is it possible that he had for some time concealed a desire and
intention to kill her? Does the alleged crime fit with anything in the
character of the man? Has he exhibited anything peculiar, by word or ded,
which annot be explained by ordinary experience, and if so, have the
peculiarieis been of such a nature as to indicate temproary insanity or a
heartlessness to the degree of total depravity? These are pertinent
questions. The points that the state will have to prove are: 1. That Mrs. A.L.
Luetgert is dead. 2. That she died by foul means. 3. That A.L. Luetgert,
her husband, caused her death. To prove these points the state has no direct evidence, so that the
circumstantial evidence brought forward must be very strong in order to
convict... But circumstantial evidence is very apt to admit of doubt. Men have
been hung for crimes they never commited, the supposedly dead person
reappearing some time afterward. In some states, as in New York, the
corpus delicti must be proved by direct evidence. In Illinois, however, circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to
prove it.
The day after Christison died, the Chicago Tribune published the
following article: A row that reached three undertaking establishments and the Chicago
avenue police station resulted yesterday when the body of Dr. J. Sanderson
Christison, who was found dead early in the morning, was ordered taken to
a morgue at 226 North Clark street. Two policemen had carried the body to the ambulance from the room
lately occupied by the physician at 24 Walton place, when A. Arntzen, an
undertaker at 247 North Clark street, appeared. He did not wait for a car,
but reached the house by automobile. "Where are you going to take this body?" demanded Arntzen. The policemen said that it had been ordered taken to Gavin's morgue by
the desk sergeant, Bartholomew Finn. "Well, my place is nearer," objected Arntzen. "It ought to go there." The dispute resulted in the patrol wagon, preceded by the automobile,
driving to the police station. While the vehicles waited in front the
police and undertakers went inside to continue the argument. "I told the men to take it to Gavin's because you won't take some of
the cases we send to your morgue," declared Sergeant Finn. "But my place is nearer to where the body was found, and it ought to be
taken there," insisted Arntzen. "Your morgue is only half a block nearer than Gavin's," put in a
policeman. "Allen's is half a block nearer than Arntzen's morgue," suggested
another policeman. "Take it to Allen's," said the desk sergeant, and Arntzen and the
patrolmen filed out. Christison, who was known for his study of the relation of crime to
insanity, died from gas asphyxiation, either though accident or by
suicidal intent. He was heard to enter his room about 1 o'clock in the
morning. About 8 o'clock the odor of gas was noticed by Miss Ann Brandolf,
the proprietor of the house. The door was opened and Christison was found
in an unconscious condition. Before a doctor could reach him he was dead. One of Christison's favorite theories was that all persons are slightly
insane. He said Ivens was not guilty of the death of Mrs. Bessie
Hollister, but declared that he had been led to make a confession while
under the hypnotic influence of Assistant Chief
Schuettler's eyes. He
persuaded a Harvard professor to take up the same line of reasoning. At the time of his death Christison was preparing a book, giving his
reasons for believing Billik innocent. He also had another book in course
of preparation on the difference between suicidal and murderous wounds. On May 10, 1908, the Chicago Tribune followed that article with
this report: R.L. Koenig, 412 Oak street, and J.R. Gray, living at the Alexandria
Hotel, went to the Chicago avenue (police) station yesterday and said they
were the two men who took Dr. J. Sanderson Christison, 24 Walton place, to
his home, where he was found dead Friday. The two men found the doctor
lying in the gutter at State and Maple streets at 11:40 o'clock Thursday
night, apparently under the influence of some drug. They found his address
on a card in his pocket and took him to it.
Christison's inscription to Zebulon Reed Brockway in a copy of Crime
and Criminals.
A Cook County Coroner's inquest examined the facts of Christison's death but was unable to determine whether it was an accident or suicide. The jury's verdict states that he died "from asphyxiation due to turning on and inhaling illuminating gas in his (room?) ... From the evidence presented (we?) the jury are unable to determine whether said gas was turned on accidentally or (illegible word)."